Patient controlled brain repair system and method of use

ABSTRACT

A method of maintaining an information rate of a Brain-computer interface (BCI) system, implanted in a patient&#39;s brain, by regulating arousal level in the patient&#39;s brain is disclosed. The method includes selecting a patient with the implanted BCI device configured to receive neuronal activity from one or more electrodes connected to the patient&#39;s brain and to establish a communication channel between the patient and an external device controlled by the patient. Accordingly, a rate of information passage through the communication channel from the BCI device is measured, and a region of the patient&#39;s brain involved in arousal regulation, is stimulated in response to said measuring, under conditions effective to adjust the rate of information passing from the BCI device through the communication channel. A computer medium for carrying out this method and a BCI Arousal Regulation system are also disclosed.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 61/056,494, filed May 28, 2008, which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to a patient controlledBrain-Computer Interface system and a method of using the system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) represent a large growing area forbiomedical device development. One of the goals of BCI devices is toassist patients with severe disabilities. The BCI devices provide director indirect reading of neural/neuronal activity through surface orimplanted electrodes to obtain at least a 1-bit communication channelunder the patient's control. Many brain-injured patients, who havesuffered a brainstem stroke, hemorrhage, or axonal injury due to traumathat leads to partial or total paralysis may have injuries to brainstemand forebrain structures that control arousal level. Other patients canhave severe damage to motor pathways at higher levels of the brain due avariety of brain insults. Moreover, damage to central motor controlstructures even without interruption of the motor pathways may producesuch severely impaired motor control that clinical distinctions betweentrue damage to motor pathways and motor preparation systems is hard todetermine. Most conventional applications of BCI focus on reading inbrain activity from a brain-injured subject for providing output to aprosthetic device such as a robot arm or a cursor on a computer screen.However, existing applications of BCI systems do not address the oftencritical problems of state control for arousal regulation of theforebrain created by the types of brain injuries that produce the needfor a BCI. A common problem faced by these patients is a failure tomaintain regulation of forebrain neuronal activity within wakeful statescorresponding to a base vigilance level (specifically arousal levelwithin the wakeful state) and consequent ability to maintain behavioralsets and complete intended behaviors due to impairment of frontalexecutive systems that support motor preparation, working memory,sustained attention, and goal-directed action and intentions. In theabsence of such a base vigilance/arousal level (e.g., a patient fallingback into minimally conscious state where intentions and actions areinconsistent or appear identically inconsistent to patients in minimallyconscious state), the conventional BCI devices will fail to operate. Incertain situations, such a lapse to a sub-threshold vigilance/arousallevel will lead to functional failure of the BCI device. For example, ifa patient controlling a prosthetic or an external communication devicebeing operated using a BCI reduces their vigilance level to a pointwhere control of the device is weak or absent, the patient will not beable to communicate or operate external prosthetics that may becontrolled by the BCI. In other words, conventional BCI systems fail tolink with and utilize the arousal mechanisms of the brain to maintainfunctional communication with external world through the BCI.

Therefore, there is a need in the current conventional technology toestablish a patient-controlled Brain Computer Interface/arousalregulation (BO/AR) system that adapts and accommodates the level ofbrain activation unique to a patient's use of the BCI to produce aneffective communication channel with the outside world, to allow thepatient with such problems to reliably and optimally stimulatesubcortical regions of the brain and to communicate or control the BCIdevice itself and/or an external device/prosthetic attached to the BCI.

The present invention is directed to overcoming the above-noted andother deficiencies in the art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one aspect of the invention, a method of controlling aBrain Computer Interface (BCI) device implanted in a patient's brain isdisclosed herein. The method comprises selecting a patient with theimplanted BCI device configured to receive neuronal activity from one ormore electrodes connected to the patient's brain and to establish acommunication channel between the patient and an external devicecontrolled by the patient. A rate of information passage through thecommunication channel from the BCI device is measured, and a region ofthe patient's brain involved in arousal regulation is stimulated, inresponse to the measuring, under conditions effective to adjust the rateof information passing from the BCI device through the communicationchannel.

Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a computerreadable medium having stored thereon instructions for controlling aBrain Computer Interface (BCI) device implanted in a selected patient'sbrain. The computer readable medium comprises machine executable codewhich when executed by at least one processor, causes the processor toperform a series of steps. Neuronal activity received from one or moreelectrodes is detected at a Brain Computer Interface (BCI) deviceattached to the selected patient's brain. A communication channel isestablished between the patient and an external device controlled by thepatient. A rate of information passing through the communication channelfrom the BCI device is measured. A region of the patient's braininvolved in arousal regulation is stimulated, in response to themeasuring, under conditions effective to adjust the rate of informationpassing from the BCI device through the communication channel.

Another aspect of the present invention is a Brain Computer Interface(BCI) system that includes one or more sensors configured to detectneuronal activity of one or more cortical or subcortical neuronalpopulations involved in arousal regulation of a selected patient'sbrain. A state monitoring module is coupled to the one or more sensors,and is configured to store and process a first set of variablesassociated with a state of the detected neuronal activity. A performancemonitoring module is coupled to the one or more sensors, and isconfigured to store and process a second set of variables associatedwith an information rate of the detected neuronal activity. Theperformance monitoring module is also configured to output theinformation to an output device via a communications channel. Aprocessing module is coupled to the state monitoring module and theperformance monitoring module, and is configured to extract a featurevector based upon the processed first and second set of variables. Theprocessing module is configured to stimulate, in response to thedetected neuronal activity, a region of the patient's brain involved inarousal regulation under conditions effective to adjust the informationfrom the BCI device through the communication channel.

Various embodiments of the present invention are disclosed to aidpatients with virtually extinct motor pathways or dysfunctionalexecutive control systems to maintain forebrain neuronal activity withinwakeful states corresponding to base vigilance levels (specificallybasal arousal levels within a wakeful state) by using optimal feedbackto cortical or subcortical tissues, and corresponding neuronalpopulations, of the brain. For example, some patients with markedfluctuations in vigilance/arousal level will have only limited timeperiods during which they may be able to control a BCI device. Forexample, if a patient controlling a prosthetic or an externalcommunication device being operated using a BCI reduces their vigilancelevel to a point where control of the device is weak or absent they willlose the capacity to communicate important needs such as pain control,hunger, thirst or other immediate or more long-range needs. Similarly,patients using BCI devices to operate external prosthetics such asrobotic arms, computers, or switches that may be controlled by the BCIwill lose or degrade their capacity to optimally control such devicesdue to fluctuations in vigilance/arousal. The present invention aims toovercome these limitations of conventional BCI systems which fail tolink with and utilize the arousal mechanisms of the brain to maintainfunctional communication with external world through the BCI.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary environment where a patient whose motorpathways are damaged using a BCI device for arousal regulation andoperation of an external device, according to one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIGS. 2A-2D illustrate various components of a brain's arousalmechanism.

FIG. 3A illustrates a composite of brainstem locations producing comawhen lesioned. FIG. 3B illustrates combined vascular innervation of thethalamus and mesencephalon. FIG. 3C illustrates various regions ofbrainstem injury following basilar artery thrombosis where a BCI arousalregulation (AR) system can be utilized.

FIG. 4 illustrates exemplary locations where a BCI system can betargeted and corresponding arousal systems of the brain.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary setup of a BCI-AR system and device,according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary schematic showing details of the BCIdevice, according to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates a BCI-AR device with an electrical stimulatorimplanted inside the brain, according to another embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates a BCI-AR device with a fiber-optogenic (FOG) deviceto stimulate deep brain structures for maintaining a targeted arousallevel, according to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates a BCI-AR device with a BCI/AR device coupled with atransmitter for Bionic control of deep brain stimulation, according toanother embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary computer system used for assisting theBCI device in various operations, according to another embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary firing rate threshold detectiontechnique and a waveform based on a pattern analysis techniqueimplemented by the BCI device and the computer system to establish a‘one-bit’ communication channel or channels that are monitored withinthe BCI to determine an information rate (bits/second) in a patient,according to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 illustrates an electrocorticogram/electroencephalogram (EEG)attached to a BCI device used to measure arousal state, according toanother embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 13A-B illustrate an exemplary technique for controllinginformation rate operated upon by the BCI/AR device and an estimationtechnique for stimulation intensity of the stimulation pulse used forarousal of the patient, according to another embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 14 illustrates a flowchart for determining arousal levels foractivation/de-activation of the BCI device, according to variousembodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 15A-D illustrate exemplary patient conditions in which the presentinvention can be used.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 illustrates a patient affected by brain damage using a BrainComputer Interface (BCI) system to optimize a BCI function, such as rateof information passage, by maintaining and regulating arousal levels andoptionally control an external device such as a robotic arm usingneuronal activity patterns detected by the BCI device. Such an externaldevice can be connected to the BCI device, and/or optionally to thepatient's body. In many situations, such a patient cannot control theBCI device to produce external communication triggers due to a temporaryor permanent damage to his/her arousal pathways. As a result, control ofthe BCI device is effortful and many patients attempting to use such“thought control” methods describe fatigue from this effort. In suchsituations, using the BCI/AR device of the present invention, thepatient can be kept at a threshold level/state of arousal or vigilance.For example, the patient's brain arousal level can be elevated within awakeful state (or awoken from a drowsy state), if and when the BCI/ARmonitored information drops below a specified level or separatelymonitored cortical or sub-cortical neuronal activity falls below apre-determined value. This is adjusted by sending a stimulation pulse ofspecific intensity and frequency to the cortical or sub-corticalstructures in the patient's brain involved in arousal regulation.Alternatively, the patient's neuronal activity from various regionswithin the brain can be detected and used to control a robotic arm tofeed the patient. Using such a internal neuronal activity determinedcontrol, the patient can attain substantial level of independence intaking care of himself/herself, and communicate with the external world.In yet another example, the patient can perform other activities ofdaily living such as self-administering medications, operating a remotecontrol for a television or operating an automated wheelchair to move toa desired location using internally generated neuronal activitypatterns, while at the same time maintaining basal arousal levels bytimely administering optimal stimulation pulses to appropriate regionsof the brain.

FIGS. 2A-2D illustrate various exemplary arousal pathways of a brain.For example, FIG. 2A illustrates the cholinergic component of thepatient's arousal system showing pathways for neuronal signalsoriginating from the pontomesencephalon outwardly towards basal nuclei,septal nuclei and other regions of the brain. Such neuronal activitypathways are well known to those skilled in the art.

FIG. 2B illustrates the dopaminergic component of the patient's arousalsystem showing pathways for neuronal signals originating from theventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra outwardly towards thefrontal lobe, striatum, and other regions of the brain. Such neuronalactivity pathways are well known to those skilled in the art.

FIG. 2C illustrates the noradrenergic component of the patient's arousalsystem showing pathways for neuronal signals originating from the loceuscoeruleus outwardly towards the temporal lobe, cerebellum, spinal cord,thalamus, hypothalamus, neocortex, and other regions of the brain. Suchneuronal activity pathways are well known to those skilled in the art.

FIG. 2D illustrates the serotinergic component of the patient's arousalsystem showing pathways for neuronal signals originating from the Raphenuclei outwardly towards the basal ganglia, temporal lobe, hypothalamus,cerebellum, spinal cord, neocortex, and other regions of the brain. Suchneuronal activity pathways are well known to those skilled in the art.

Although FIGS. 2A-2D illustrate only four different components of abrain's arousal systems, the present invention can equally be used forother arousal system components of a brain known to one skilled in theart. Additional exemplary scenarios where the present invention can beutilized are illustrated in FIGS. 3A-C. FIG. 3A illustrates a scenariowhere damage to a composite of brainstem locations has initially led toa patient being in a coma or a “vegetative state” but has recoveredconsciousness with inconsistent capacity to control motor output. Suchlocations have been described, for example, in Parvisi et al.,“Neuroanatomical Correlates of Brainstem Coma,” Brain, 126(Pt 7):1524-36(2003), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Insuch a scenario, the patient of FIG. 1 is unable to take any care ofhimself/herself at all. However, the patient's brain shows anatomicaland electrical activity resulting from firing of neurons (neuronalactivity) consistent with preservation of large-scale integrative brainfunction and the capacity to communicate. According to one embodiment ofthe present invention, brain electrical activity can be detected by anelectrical detector attached to a BCI device, recorded in a memory orother computer readable media of a computer system, and analyzed forextracting information relating to, for example, level of activity. Suchan analyzed signal can then be used to generate a response stimulussignal, using, for example, an implantable pulse generator, to send anappropriate optimal electrical activation to subcortical structures inthe brain involved in forebrain arousal. Such a feedback can result intriggering of one or more of the arousal mechanisms, such as thosedescribed in FIGS. 2A-2D, thereby resulting in a wakeful “aroused” stateof the patient. Alternatively, by way of example and not as alimitation, other forms of detection and stimulation, such as sampledlocal field potential recordings coupled to a fiber-optogenic system ora radio-frequency controlled “BION” system can be used.

FIG. 3B illustrates another exemplary scenario of brain injuriesproduced by loss of blood flow in a specific vascular innervationproducing neurological conditions for which the present invention can beapplied. Such scenarios are described, for example, by Castaigne et al.,“Paramedian Thalamic and Midbrain Infarct: Clinical andNeuropathological Study,” Ann. Neurol., 10(2):127-48 (1981), which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIG. 3C illustrates yet another exemplary scenario where a patient hassuffered a complete basilar artery thrombosis leading to a substantialdamage to motor pathways. For example, in slides a and b, circled areasof FIG. 3C show damage to the various components of the arousal system.Alternatively, in slides c-e, circled areas illustrate motor fiberinjury. Such damage scenarios are well known to one skilled in the art.

As a result of the above-noted damage to various regions of the brain,the patient is unable to respond to external stimuli and requires apersonal care assistant to help him/her with day to day activities.However, the entirety of the patient's forebrain remains intact,neuronal activity resulting from the patient's thought or desire toexpress a motor gesture can be measured using the BCI device to readelectrical or other forms of electromagnetic signals and send acorresponding control signal to a prosthetic device to be set in motion.Such a prosthetic device can be, for example, a robotic arm optionallyattached to a patient's body. Alternatively, such a robotic arm can beattached to a controller to be moved based upon the signal from the BCIdevice.

Although many patients with brain-injuries might be helped by such atechnology (e.g., those with post head injury, encephalitis,subarachnoid hemorrhage, and cardiac arrest/hypoxic ischemicencephalopathy with resulting dysfunction of the basal ganglia, or otherinjuries), one large group of patients typically requiring this type ofcombined BCI/AR system are those who have survived a basilar arterythrombosis (described above in FIG. 3C, slides a and b). This lesion andsimilar forms of injury such as hemorrhages or infections within theupper brainstem may produce a combination of ventral pontine damage inassociation with injury to the tegmental pons and midbrain regionsdamaging ascending arousal projections to the thalamus and basalforebrain. Often these latter injuries include damage to the thalamicintralaminar system that supports activation of the frontal executiveand basal ganglia systems. As a result of such injuries, patients mayslowly recover to an unstable wakeful state of consciousness, retainingnormal or near-normal cognitive function that is fragile in the face ofmild inter-current stress (sleep deprivation, infection, etc). Whencombined with injury to the ventral pons that damages the majority ofdescending motor pathways, it may be nearly impossible or impossible forthese patients to signal response through the motor system. Often suchpatients will be inappropriately diagnosed as in vegetative or minimallyconscious state although they have close to normal function. The presentinvention provides a method of maintaining internal levels of arousalthrough the patient's own brain controlled adjustment of activity levelvia a BCI/AR system that both controls the activation of subcorticalsystems downregulated by loss of ascending inputs and use of the samesystem to control communication with the outside world and externaldevices such as motor prosthetics.

Other scenarios where a patient can be selected for treatment using thepresent invention include a patient with deficiencies in vigilance,motor pathway impairment, motor control impairment, lack of arousalmaintenance, brain injury due to stroke, brain injury to due to trauma,encephalitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, brain stem hemorrhage, brain steminfection, basilar artery thrombosis, thrombosis cardiac arrest,hypoxia, nutritional deficiencies, degenerative illness, neoplasticdiseases, infectious diseases, or complications thereof.

FIG. 4 illustrates exemplary locations and arrangement where a BCI/ARsystem 400 can be used. The main targets of BCI/AR system 400 thatcontrol level of arousal above the brainstem level are the basalforebrain and thalamus, the basal ganglia are also innervated by thesesystems and their role in motor control is strongly affected bybrainstem lesions. A traditional BCI system (local field or spikedetection systems), such as BCI/AR system 400, situated in the posteriorcortical regions such as that described by Andersen et al., “CognitiveNeural Prosthetics,” Trends in Cognitive Sci., 8(11):486-93 (2004),which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, can be anexemplary site for cortical read in and read out since the post-rolandicregions of the cerebral cortex do not have the grey matter structures ofthe basal ganglia interposed between the cortex and thalamus. However,these pathways are very sensitive to brain injuries and can be shut downduring the wakeful state producing impaired motor control. As a result,conventional BCI systems will fail to reliably operate when a patient isin a wakeful state but has an impaired motor control. ConventionalBCI/AR system 400 comprises a BCI/AR device 402 located at an exemplaryregion of the brain. BCI/AR system 402 is also connected to CentralThalamus 406 via a communication system to detect neuronal activity andstimulate this structure. FIG. 4 shows regions of the braincorresponding to Frontal Eye Fields (FEF 408), supplementary Motor Area(SMA 410), Anterior Cingulate Complex (ACC 412), and Posterior ParietalCortex (PPC 404) from which electrical activity resulting from firing ofneurons can be detected and sent to controller 402 for furtherprocessing for use either in detecting signal used to decode informationor sample background brain activity to measure arousal state. FIG. 4also shows exemplary various sites of the brain such as Basal Forebrain(BF 414), Brainstem Cholinergic (LDT/PPT 420), Locus Ceruleus (LC 418),Mesencephalic Reticular Formation (MRF 416), pretectum PT 440, alongwith some other stimulation sites 480 (e.g., basal ganglia) from whichneuronal activity can be detected.

Another aspect of the present invention is a Brain Computer Interface(BCI) system that includes one or more sensors configured to detectneuronal activity of one or more cortical or sub-cortical neuronalpopulations involved in arousal regulation of a selected patient'sbrain. A state monitoring module is coupled to the one or more sensors,and is configured to store and process a first set of variablesassociated with a state of the detected neuronal activity. A performancemonitoring module is coupled to the one or more sensors, and isconfigured to store and process a second set of variables associatedwith an information rate of the detected neuronal activity. Theperformance monitoring module is also configured to output theinformation to an output device via a communications channel. Aprocessing module is coupled to the state monitoring module and theperformance monitoring module, and is configured to extract a featurevector based upon the processed first and second set of variables. Theprocessing module is configured to stimulate, in response to thedetected neuronal activity, a region of the patient's brain involved inarousal regulation under conditions effective to adjust the informationfrom the BCI device through the communication channel.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary setup of such a brain-computerinterface/arousal regulation (BCI/AR) system 500 according to oneembodiment of the present invention. The BCI/AR system 500 comprisesBCI/AR device 402 including a cortical readout system that collects andstores neuronal data in the form of single-unit activity, local fieldpotentials, or electrocorticogram activity. Connections 502 from BCI/ARdevice 402 can be electrical, electromagnetic (wireless), or optical toone or many subcortical targets to be determined by availability andinvolvement in specific patterns of brain injury. The subcorticaltargets for modulation using, such as electrical brain stimulationmethods and systems using an electrical stimulator 506, afiber-optic/optogenetic system 508, or radiofrequency controlled “BION”system 504, include various regions of the brain, such as the centralthalamus, striatum, basal forebrain and brainstem (shown in FIG. 5 aselements 510-522).

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary internal schematic of BCI/AR device 402illustrated in FIG. 4 modified according to various embodiments of thepresent invention. References hereinafter to BCI/AR device 402 are meantto be for the modified BCI/AR device 402 of FIG. 6. BCI/AR device 402has an internal structure that, in addition to a main input/outputinterface 612 is designed to decode neuronal signals and translate theminto informative outputs that allow for establishing a communicationsystem. BCI/AR device 402 contains a first performance monitoring module602 used to monitor the performance characteristics of main input/outputsystem 612 (e.g., average bit rate over time, or bit rate in response tospecific internally generated probe programs used to train both thepatient and BCI/AR system 500 at time of initialization of the device).First performance monitoring module 602 is in direct communication withmain input/output system 612, as shown by link 611. A second statemonitoring module 604 is used to sample the average characteristics ofneuronal activity over time from BCI electrodes and sensors 606themselves or implanted detectors inside or outside of the brain thatcollect neuronal signals for this purpose and to provide feedback thereal-time characteristics of the signals to BO/AR system 500, and toreceive adjusted stimulation signals from BCI/AR device 402. Both ofthese monitoring modules can communicate with an internal memory andcomputational resources (described in FIG. 10) to extract signalfeatures such as spike rate or spectral characteristics of the neuronalsignal.

Second state monitoring system 604 configured to monitor the state ofBCI/AR device 402 in terms of background noise, low-pass filtering,electrocorticogram/electroencephalogram activity, and single-unit firingrates of neurons. Second state monitoring system 604 maintains a statemachine 604 a configured to store various variables related to a stateof the neuronal activity at various time points during operation ofBO/AR device 402.

Based upon respective sets of variables stored and/or measured,performance monitoring module 602 and state monitoring module 604 areused to extract a feature vector 610 from the variables using computerand logic circuitry 608. Feature vector 610 represents a completemathematical description of electrical signals resulting from neuronalactivity. Such a computed feature vector 610 can be used for furtherprocessing and to synthesize a feedback signal if necessary, asdescribed below. Feature vector 610 can also be used to calculate anintensity level of the feedback stimulus signal sent to the subcorticaltissues of the brain via an external activation device/system (shown inFIGS. 7-9) connected to BCI/AR device 402 to optimize an output bit-rateof main input/output system 612. Such a feedback signal can be outputtedvia an electrical path 618. Alternatively, electrical path 618 can useoptical, radio frequency, or other frequencies of the electromagneticspectrum known to one skilled in the art. A separate component of BCI/ARsystem 500 computes an output signal to the activator units placed incortical or sub-cortical structures to regulate their output in responseto ongoing analysis provided by the two internal monitoring systems 602and 604.

BCI/AR device 402 detects neuronal activity in the basal ganglia andother regions of the brain using electrodes and sensors 606. Electrodesand sensors 606 can be configured to detect direct electrical activityof neurons, or can be configured to detect neuronal activity convertedto optical signals and transmitted using fiber optics. Alternatively,detected neuronal activity can be directly sent via input-outputinterface 612 (also referred to as I/O interface 612) of BCI/AR device402 to an external display of an external computer system 640 forinspection by a medical professional or a doctor.

According to one embodiment of the system, computer and logic circuitry608 can interface with input-output communication interface 612, tocontrol an external device 630, such as a prosthetic arm, viacommunication path 620, based upon neuronal activity of the patient.Input-output interface 612 can also comprise a direct interface 614 fromelectrodes and sensors 606 and accordingly can be used for controllingexternal device 630, for example, when BCI/AR device 402 is operating atan optimal performance range 1302 (shown in FIG. 13).

Although computer and logic circuitry 608 is shown in FIG. 6 to beinside BCI/AR device 402, computer and logic circuitry 608 canoptionally be outside BCI/AR device 402 or can be a part of adistributed computing environment too, depending upon specificapplications. Further, BCI/AR device 402 can be powered, for example, bybatteries or direct mains, or other powering schemes known to oneskilled in the art.

FIG. 7 illustrates one embodiment of the present invention where BCI/ARdevice 402 is interfaced directly to a conventional implantable pulsegenerator 704. Implantable pulse generator 704 is configured to feedbackcontrol of electrical stimulation of exemplary subcortical targets suchas basal forebrain (BF) and central thalamus (CT) via electrical leads710. Upon receipt of a signal via connection 708, implantable pulsegenerator 704 can provide a corresponding stimulus to the BF and CTregions of the brain via electrical leads 710 to maintain the arousalstate of a patient.

FIG. 7 also shows a cortical recording site 702 (also referred to asneuronal recording system) coupled to BCI/AR device 402. Corticalrecording site 702 samples various information such as electricalwaveform pattern data unique to the patient. Further, BCI/AR device 402performs storage in real time when cortical recording site 702 sampleselectrical activity, and also can be used to retrieve signals storedduring an off-line operation. Cortical recording site 702 can also beconfigured to obtain information related either to obtaining a ‘one-bit’communication signal or the background arousal level of the brain.

Cortical recording site 702 is introduced under the skull and eithersits on the brain or is inserted into the brain parenchyma and connectsto one or multiple probes/leads 710, via BCI/AR device 402, implantedwithin the brain. BCI/AR device 402 detects the occurrence of failuresof human control and adjusts stimulation of subcortical targets insynchrony, as described above. The operating characteristics of BCI/ARdevice 402 will be adjusted automatically, or by the patient through apatient controlled mode to maximize bit rate of information transfer byelevating output from the basal forebrain or thalamus to raise a levelof vigilance, or adjust basal ganglia outflow to facilitate motorbehavior if intact motor output channels remain.

FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention whereinstead of an electrical implantable pulse generator 704 (described inFIG. 7), a fiberoptic-optogenetic (FOG) system 802 is coupled to BCI/ARdevice 402. In an exemplary scenario, FOG system 802 can be configuredto modulate activation of viral transfected cells within the basalforebrain (BF) or central thalamus (CT). In FIG. 8, shaded lines shownas pipes 806, and solid body lines shown as pipes 808, indicate lightpipes producing inactivation (e.g., a yellow light for hyperpolarizingcurrents produced by halorhodopsin channels) or activation (e.g., bluelight for channel-rhodopsin inserted channels producing membranedepolarization), respectively. Individual pipes 806 and 808 arefiber-optic cables that can change color and are controlled at thesurface by FOG system 802 under feedback control by BCI/AR device 402.FOG system 804 can be coupled to BCI/AR device 402 through directelectric coupling, or RF coupling, or other coupling known to oneskilled in the art.

FIG. 9 illustrates a coupling of BCI/AR device 402 to a BION system 900is illustrated. BION system 900 comprises a BION transmitter 902 coupledto BCI/AR device 402 for controlling implanted BIONs 906. BIONtransmitter 902 acts through radiofrequency pulses 904 to controlimplanted BIONs 906 which show electro-optical properties depending onchanges in neuronal activity. Alternatively, BION transmitter 902 can beused to alter neuronal activity to maintain wakeful states of thepatient.

It is to be noted that although BCI/AR device 402 is shown to beconnected to stimulation systems including one of implantable pulsegenerator 704, FOG system 802, and BION system 900, in FIGS. 7-9,respectively, a combination of implantable pulse generator 704, FOGsystem 802, and BION system 900, or a plurality of such systems anddevice can be used depending upon specific requirements of a patient.

Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a computerreadable medium having stored thereon instructions for controlling aBrain Computer Interface (BCI) device, such as BCI/AR device 402,implanted in a selected patient's brain. The computer readable mediumcomprises machine executable code which when executed by at least oneprocessor, causes the processor to perform a series of steps. Neuronalactivity detected by one or more electrodes and sensors 606 is receivedat the BCI device attached to the selected patient's brain. Acommunication channel between the patient and an external devicecontrolled by the patient is established. A rate of information passingthrough the communication channel from the BCI device is measured. Aregion of the patient's brain involved in arousal regulation isstimulated, in response to the measuring, under conditions effective toadjust the rate of information passing from the BCI device through thecommunication channel. Such a computing system and computer readablemedium is described in more detail in FIG. 10.

FIG. 10 illustrates a special-purpose computing system 1000 which is apart of the computer and logic circuitry 608 of BCI/AR device 402.Computing system 1000 is configured to process the detected level ofneuronal activity in the selected patient's brain, communicate via aninput-output port 1028, further over a communication channel, theprocessed neuronal activity data to I/O interface 612 of BCI/AR device402 coupled to the patient's brain, and instruct BCI/AR device 402 togenerate and send a response stimulus signal to the patient's brain inresponse to the detected neuronal activity level under conditionseffective to adjust the rate of information passing from the BCI devicethrough the communication channel. Computing system 1000 includes acentral processing unit (“CPU”) or processor 1020, a memory 1022, andinput-output port 1028 which are coupled together by a bus 1030 or otherlink. Computing system 1000 can include other numbers and types ofcomponents, parts, devices, systems, and elements in other conventionalcomponents.

Processor 1020 executes a computer program or code comprising storedinstructions for one or more aspects of the present invention, asdescribed and illustrated herein. In addition, the processor couldexecute other programmed instructions. Processor 1020 executes code formeasuring a rate of information passage through the communicationchannel from the BCI/AR device 402, and also establishes protocols forcommunication channels via I/O interface 612. Processor 1020 retrievesinformation from memory 1022 that stores information about a patient'soptimal neuronal activity parameters (e.g., optimal performance range1302 of FIG. 13), and compares it with measured neuronal activityparameters. According to one embodiment of the present invention, memory1022 can store neuronal firing rate threshold corresponding to anarousal level of a patient, waveform patterns corresponding to differentregions of the brain during arousal, in addition to real time data aboutneuronal activity detected by electrodes and sensors 606 of BCI/ARdevice 402. By executing instructions/computer program code stored inmemory 1022, processor 1020 computes a binary decision data stream (suchas plot 1106 of FIG. 11) after comparing a pre-stored feature vectorwith feature vector 610 provided by state monitoring module 604 andperformance monitoring module 606. Processor 1020 further executescomputer code that carries out the steps of determining an optimalinformation rate and stimulation intensity of the response stimulussignal to be sent by BCI/AR device 402 via its transmission module 650,and controlling an external device based upon the detected neuronalactivity, where the external device is electronically interfaced toBCI/AR device 402 and optionally connected to the patient. Processor1020 can be programmed to transfer computed data regarding a patient'sneuronal activity to an external server too.

Memory 1022 stores the programmed instructions written in a computerprogramming language or software package for carrying out one or moreaspects of the present invention as described and illustrated herein,although some or all of the programmed instructions could be storedand/or executed elsewhere. For example, instructions for executing theabove-noted steps can be stored in a distributed storage environmentwhere memory 1022 is shared between one or more computing systemssimilar to computing system 1000. For example, memory 1022 stores athreshold level of neuronal activity firing rate and upon execution ofinstructions by processor 1020, provides pre-stored values for adjustingrate of information output by BCI/AR device 402, and for computingphysical parameters of intensity of the response stimulus signal to besent to the patient's brain when optimal performance range 1302 is notmet or the threshold neuronal firing rate level is not exceeded.

A variety of different types of memory storage devices, such as a randomaccess memory (RAM) or a read only memory (ROM) in the system or afloppy disk, hard disk, CD ROM, or other computer readable medium whichis read from and/or written to by a magnetic, optical, or other readingand/or writing system that is coupled to one or more processors, can beused for memory 1022.

Input-output port 1028 is used to operatively couple and communicatebetween computing system 1000, and other parts of BCI/AR device 402,although other types and numbers of connections and configurations toother types and numbers of systems, devices, and components can be used.For example input-output port 1028 can be programmed to a display or anexternal device prior to BCI/AR device 402 sending the response stimulussignal if the detected neuronal activity matches a neuronal activityparameter. Alternatively, using input-output port 1028, processor 1020can repetitively send additional response stimulus signals over thecommunication channel to the patient's brain until a particular neuronalactivity parameter, stored on computer readable memory 1022, is met.

Alternatively, processor 1020 is caused to send a response stimulussignal when the detected level of neuronal activity does not match witha decoded waveform pattern stored on memory 1022. For sendinginstructions to various components of BCI/AR device 402, processor 1020communicates via input-output port 1028 to establish a communicationchannel between the brain and BCI/AR device 402. Processor 1022 cancomprise an embedded codec to encode and decode the detected neuronalactivity onto a binary data stream representation of the detectedneuronal activity. Further, processor 1022 comprises instructions tocarry out operations on the detected neuronal activity data with one ormore of an electrical, a fiber optic, or a bionic neuron communicationchannel interfaced with processor 1022.

In an alternative arrangement, processor 1020 is caused to receive acontinuous time voltage representation signal to BCI/AR device 402generated as an output of an electroencephalogram (EEG, described inFIG. 12) or electrocorticogram in response to the detected neuronalactivity. Processor 1020 also performs computations related to aspectral analysis of the detected neuronal activity for identifying oneor more frequencies associated with the neuronal activity, and modifiesthe response stimulus signal based upon the identified one or morefrequencies. As a result, processor 1020 is used by BCI/AR device 402for regulating arousal levels to modulate neuronal activity of one ormore regions of the brain involved with arousal regulation, and forfeedback controlling stimulation of arousal systems of the brain.

Furthermore, processor 1020 is configured to process data associatedwith monitoring of performance and state of BCI/AR device 402 bycollecting neuronal data associated with the detected neuronal activityin the form of one or more of a single-unit neuron activity, local fieldpotentials, or electrocorticogram activity and extracts signal featuresfrom the detected neuronal activity to aid performance monitoring module602 and state monitoring module 604 to form and store in memory 1022,feature vector 610, in addition to one or more pre-stored featurevectors, suitable for computer analysis.

According to another aspect of the invention, BO/AR device 402 usesprocessor 1020 to activate one or more of the central thalamus,striatum, basal forebrain, and/or brainstem sub-cortical structures inthe patient's brain for regulating the arousal level.

Although embodiments of computing system 1000 are described andillustrated herein as completely residing on BCI/AR device 402,computing system 1000 can be implemented on any suitable computingsystem or computing device. It is to be understood that the devices andsystems described herein are for exemplary purposes and many variationsof the specific hardware and software are possible, as will beappreciated by those skilled in the relevant art(s).

Alternatively, each of the systems may be conveniently implemented usingone or more general purpose computer systems, microprocessors, digitalsignal processors, and micro-controllers, programmed according to theteachings described and illustrated herein. For example, processor 1020can be an Intel Core Duo® processor provided by Intel Corporation ofSanta Clara, Calif.

In addition, two or more computing systems or devices can be substitutedfor any one of the systems described above. Accordingly, principles andadvantages of distributed processing, such as redundancy andreplication, also can be implemented, as desired, to increase therobustness and performance of the devices and systems described above.The embodiments of the present invention may also be implemented oncomputer system or systems that extend across any suitable network usingany suitable interface mechanisms and communications technologies,including, by way of example only, telecommunications in any suitableform (e.g., voice and modem), wireless communications media, wirelesscommunications networks, cellular communications networks, G3communications networks, Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTNs),Packet Data Networks (PDNs), the Internet, intranets, and combinationsthereof.

The embodiments may also be embodied as a computer readable mediumhaving instructions stored thereon for one or more aspects of thepresent invention as described and illustrated by way of the embodimentsherein, as described herein, which when executed by a processor, causethe processor to carry out the steps necessary to implement the methodsof the embodiments, such as steps described and illustrated in flowchart1400 of FIG. 14.

FIGS. 11-14 provide a detailed description of the steps of transductionof neural activity recorded by BCI/AR device 402 into a control signalfor controlling an activation device such as the implantable pulsegenerator 704 to optimally stimulate one or more of Arousal Regulationcomponents shown in FIGS. 2A-D (AR component).

Referring to FIG. 11, plot 11 a illustrates two exemplary methods fordiscrimination of single or multiple neuronal spike recordings. Forexample, when the neuronal firing rate exceeds a threshold rate 1102,pre-stored in a memory 1022 of computer system 1000 of FIG. 10, BCI/ARdevice 402, using computer and logic circuitry 608, makes a decision bychanging a bit value from a binary ‘0’ to binary ‘1’ to record that aneuronal activity above threshold rate 1102 was detected. Otherthreshold methods can also be applied to pick a rate of firing ofneurons from binned or smoothed estimates of the firing rate. Whenneuronal firing rates exceed threshold rate 1102, a single bit value ischanged from 0 to 1 resulting in a one-bit communication channel asshown by plot 1106 (with an arbitrary time base). This process iscontinuously repeated and BCI/AR device 402 provides a one-bitcommunication output from the patient. If the rate of informationproduction drops below a reference range (such as optimal performancerange 1302 of FIG. 13) the BCI/AR device 402 sends a signal to, forexample, implantable pulse generator 704, to send an electrical stimulussignal to a desired subcortical region of the brain to increase arousal.Alternatively, such a stimulus signal can also be sent via FOG system802 of FIG. 8 or via Bionic transmitter 902 of FIG. 9, as describedabove.

Alternatively, FIG. 11 shows in plot 11 b another approach that can beused for arousal regulation of a patient using BCI/AR device 402, inaddition to the methods described above. In this case, the change of bitvalue in plot 1106 from a binary ‘0’ to a binary ‘1’ then will depend ona signal detected by the BCI/AR device 402 showing a match between adetected waveform pattern 1104 to a pre-defined waveform stored, forexample, in memory 1022 of BO/AR device 402. Waveform pattern 1104indicates the firing of one or more neurons. Using pre-defined criteriaand neuronal activity parameters for firing rate over specific timewindows, a response based upon the binary data stream of plot 11 a canbe generated and sent. This process is continuously repeated and BCI/ARdevice 402 provides a one-bit communication output from the patient. Ifthe rate of information production drops below a reference range (suchas optimal performance range 1302 of FIG. 13) the BCI/AR device 402sends a signal to, for example, implantable pulse generator 704, to sendan electrical stimulus signal to a desired subcortical region of thebrain to increase arousal, thereby increasing the rate of informationpassage through BCI/AR device 402, in a feedback loop. Alternatively,such a stimulus signal can also be sent via FOG system 802 of FIG. 8 orvia Bionic transmitter 902 of FIG. 9, as described above.

FIG. 12 illustrates an electro-encephalogram (EEG) 1202 connected toBO/AR device 402. BCI/AR device 402 comprises a low pass filter 1204(for filtering local field potentials) coupled to pass electricalsignals of below pre-determined frequency range to pass through,although other types of filters known to one skilled in the art can alsobe used. EEG 1202 detects neuronal activity as a time-varying voltage(e.g., in micro volts), as shown in plot 1206. A continuous voltagetracing from an EEG 1202 comprising a recording electrode (e.g., placedon or in skull) or a local field potential (LFP) signal recorded from asingle-unit recording electrode or dedicated electrode is shown both astime series and converted into its time-varying spectral content using atime-frequency spectral analysis plot 1208. In plot 1208, a circle 1212identifies, for example, a brief burst of 10 Hz activity seen in thetime series and isolated in the time-frequency plane. The presence orabsence of strong power in an exemplary frequency band shown by circle1212 could be used as a one bit channel decision criterion shown in plot1210 to make a decision of whether or not neuronal activity of specificfrequency occurred. Depending upon design of low-pass filter 1204,different frequency bands can be detected and analyzed. Further, plot1208 illustrating the spectral analysis of a signal detected by EEG 1202and filtered by low-pass filter 1204 can be generated using a taperedFourier transform technique. Alternatively, plot 1208 can also begenerated using other techniques such as a wavelet transform,fast-Fourier transform, and other spectral extraction techniques knownto one skilled in the art. Further, detected neuronal activity can beoutputted, for example, on a display 1280 for inspection by otherpersons, e.g. medical professionals or a doctors, or family members.

Again, spectral plot 1208 can be modified, using feedback techniques, byBCI/AR device 402 so as to result in an optimal performance of BCI/ARdevice 402. For example, by sending specific pulses at 10 Hz to one ormore regions of the brain associated with arousal level regulation, apatient's capability to attain optimal performance range 1302 (shown inFIG. 13) can be enhanced.

FIGS. 13A and 13B show plot illustrating the control of information rate(e.g., in bits/second) and the intensity level of the stimulation pulsesent by BCI/AR device 402 to stimulate and/or regulate the patient'sarousal systems. Information rate (or rate of information passage)through BCI/AR device 402 is measured based upon neuronal activitydetected, as described above, for example, in FIG. 6. FIG. 13Aillustrates a rate of information output from BCI/AR device 402 as afunction of time (in arbitrary units). Output information rate of BCI/ARdevice 402 is adjusted until such an output information rate matches thepatient's own optimal range of performance shown as range 1302 in FIG.13A. Such an optimal information rate range 1302 also corresponds tooptimal response stimulation signal intensity, shown as shaded area 1308in FIG. 13A. Based upon a determination of whether or not detectedneuronal activity is at a pre-defined threshold of information rate andmatches the optimal information rate range 1302, BCI/AR device 402 viaits transmission module 650 sends as a feedback, an optimal responsestimulus signal to maintain a level of stimulation of thecortical/sub-cortical brain regions involved with the arousal systemsshown in FIGS. 2A-2D. It is to be noted that such optimal ranges areunique to each patient, and for every new patient selected for atreatment using the present invention, BCI/AR device 402 has to be firsttrained to “learn” such an optimal range. Such learning by the BCI/ARdevice 402 can be performed, for example, using neural networks or othermachine learning mechanisms, known to one skilled in the art.Alternatively, if the detected neuronal activity level is already withinan optimal range for a neuronal activity parameter, such as rate ofinformation shown in plot 1304, associated with the arousal level,BCI/AR device 402 can send signals at an optimal information rate viainput-output system 612, prior to stimulating the cortical/sub-corticalregions. Further, such an adjustment of the information rate output byBCI/AR device 402 and corresponding adjustment and sending ofstimulation can be performed repetitively until the information ratematches a particular neuronal activity parameter (e.g., patient'soptimal range 1302).

BCI/AR device 402 sends the response stimulus signal to the regions ofthe brain as a feedback by adjusting optimal stimulation intensity 1308to lie within a peak of an expected inverted “U” curve 1306, as shown inFIG. 13B. Such an adaptive feedback control of rate of informationpassage from main input/output interface 612 using a correspondingstimulation intensity of stimulation applied to thecortical/sub-cortical structures involved in arousal regulation allowsfor optimal performance of BCI system 500's output information ratecomponent and maintenance of the performance of the BCI system 500 overtime. Control of information rate and stimulation intensity is performedusing computer and logic circuitry 608 of the BCI/AR device 402.

According to one aspect of the invention, a method of controlling aBCI/AR device 402 implanted in a patient's brain is disclosed herein.The method comprises selecting a patient with the implanted BCI/ARdevice 402 configured to receive neuronal activity from one or moreelectrodes and sensors 606 connected to the patient's brain and toestablish a communication channel between the patient and externaldevice 630 controlled by the patient. A rate of information passagethrough the communication channel (input-output interface 612) fromBCI/AR device 402 is measured, and a region of the patient's braininvolved in arousal regulation is stimulated, in response to themeasuring, under conditions effective to adjust the rate of informationpassing from BCI/AR device 402 through the main input/output interface612. Such a method can be carried out using steps of an exemplaryflowchart 1400 shown and described in FIG. 14.

FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary flowchart 1400 for a method ofperforming the steps described above with respect to BCI/AR device 402.Steps shown in flowchart 1400 are carried out using BCI/AR device 402,more particularly using computer and logic circuitry 608. The flowchart1400 begins in step 1402, where neuronal activity is detected byelectrodes and sensors 606 from a region involved in arousal regulation,or any other region of the brain under monitoring.

The flow then proceeds to step 1406 where the detected neuronal activityis communicated to BCI/AR device 402 via a wired or a wirelesscommunication channel. Such a detected neuronal activity is processed byperformance and state monitoring modules 602 and 604, as described abovein FIG. 6, for appropriately form feature vector 610. Detected neuronalactivity is converted to an equivalent rate of information passagethrough input-output system 612 of BCI/AR device 402, and processed asdescribed in FIGS. 6, 10 and 13 above.

In step 1408, computer and logic circuitry 608 determines whether ornot, the detected neuronal activity is either within optimal range 1302,or above threshold level 1102 or matches a decoded waveform 1104 asshown in FIG. 11 b, or is of a specific frequency as shown by thespectral analysis plot 1208 of FIG. 12, corresponding to a wakeful stateof the patient. Such a determination is made, for example, based upon acomparison of feature vector 610 with a pre-stored feature vector storedin memory 1022 of computer and logic circuitry 608.

If not, in step 1410, BCI/AR device 402 instructs one of implantablepulse generator 704, FOG system 802, or BION transmitter 902 to send aresponse stimulation signal/pulse whose characteristics are determinedbased on plots in FIGS. 13A and 13B, to adjust arousal level. BCI/ARdevice 402 repetitively performs steps 1408 and 1410 until the patientmeets the pre-determined criterion for arousal level neuronal activityparameters. Alternatively, if the detected neuronal activity correspondsto the patient's unique optimal range 1302, rate of information is notadjusted. In such a scenario, an external device can be directlycontrolled by the BCI/AR device 402 based upon the detected neuronalactivity, or the detected neuronal activity can be simply output to anexternal display 630, or an audio speaker, a cathode-ray tube, or otheroutput devices well known to those skilled in the art.

It should be noted that steps 1402-1418 are shown as an example only andone skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure, can contemplatemodifications depending upon specific needs. Steps 1402-1418 can beperformed in real time, or in an “off-line” mode. Also, steps 1402-1418do not have to be performed in the order shown and can be performed inother ways, as can also be contemplated by one skilled in the art afterreading this disclosure.

Since, each patient is unique in terms of the damage incurred to his/herarousal system, various embodiments of the present invention can be usedin treatment of complex lesion pattern damages. Some such exemplarylesion patterns that can be advantageously treated using the methods anddevices of the present invention are disclosed in FIG. 15. Although manypatients with brain-injuries might be helped by a BCI/AR device 402 inprinciple (e.g., those with post head injury, encephalitis, subarachnoidhemorrhage, and cardiac arrest with dysfunction of the basal ganglia),several common patterns of cerebral injury can be identified for whichboth injury to the arousal regulation mechanisms of the anteriorforebrain including the connections between the thalamus andfrontal/prefrontal/premotor cortices (particularly the anteriorcingulate, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, and orbitofrontaland prefrontal cortices), the thalamostriatal projection, the basalforebrain projections to the frontal cortex, and upper tegmentalbrainstem projections to the thalamus, are combined with direct injuryto the motor output systems arising in the motor cortex or basal gangliaand projecting down the spinal column.

FIG. 15A shows several relevant structures of normal anatomy. FIG. 15Bshows one large group of patients that may typically require thecombined techniques of the BCI/AR device 402. This group corresponds topatients who have survived a basilar artery thrombosis. Such a lesionand similar forms of injury such as hemorrhages or infections within theupper brainstem may produce a combination of ventral pontine damage inassociation with injury to the tegmental pons and midbrain regionsdamaging ascending arousal projections to the thalamus and basalforebrain. Often these latter injuries include damage to the thalamicintralaminar system and upper midbrain reticular regions that supportactivation of the frontal executive and basal ganglia systems. As aresult of such injuries, patients may slowly recover an unstable wakefulstate of consciousness, retaining normal or near-normal cognitivefunction that is fragile in the face of mild intercurrent stress (sleepdeprivation, infection, etc). When combined with injury to the ventralpons that damages the majority of descending motor pathways, it may benearly impossible or impossible for these patients to signal responsethrough the motor system.

FIG. 15C shows another common pattern of injury associated withaneurysmal rupture in the anterior forebrain within the region of theanterior communicating cerebral artery or anterior cerebral arteriesthat may damage frontal/prefrontal/premotor cortical regions, striatum,basal forebrain, or thalamocortical radiating fibers. Additional damageto the motor pathways may arise from these initial injuries orinvolvement of other arterial vessels in a process called vasospasm thatleads to strokes within the motor outflow pathway.

FIG. 15D shows another possible pattern of injury involving motorpathway fibers within the internal capsule (e.g., diffuse axonal injury)and concomitant bilateral damage to the central thalamus due tocompression of Percheron's artery during an early stage of brainswelling. Patients with lesion patterns as delineated in FIGS. 15B-D maybe inappropriately diagnosed as in vegetative or minimally consciousstate yet are closer to normal function and potentially able tocommunicate. The present invention provides a system and method ofmaintaining internal levels of arousal through the patient's own braincontrolled adjustment of activity level via BCI/AR system 402 that bothcontrols the activation of subcortical systems downregulated by loss ofascending inputs and use of the same system to control communicationwith the outside world and external devices such as motor prosthetics.

Although preferred embodiments have been depicted and described indetail herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant artthat various modifications, additions, substitutions, and the like canbe made without departing from the spirit of the invention and these aretherefore considered to be within the scope of the invention as definedin the claims which follow.

1. A method of controlling a Brain Computer Interface (BCI) deviceimplanted in a patient's brain, said method comprising: selecting apatient with the implanted BCI device configured to receive neuronalactivity from one or more electrodes connected to the patient's brainand to establish a communication channel between the patient and anexternal device controlled by the patient; measuring a rate ofinformation passage through the communication channel from the BCIdevice; and stimulating a region of the patient's brain involved inarousal regulation, in response to said measuring, under conditionseffective to adjust the rate of information passing from the BCI devicethrough the communication channel.
 2. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising: controlling an external device based upon the adjusted rateof information, wherein said stimulating modulates neuronal activity ofthe region involved in arousal regulation with said arousal level beingmeasured by detecting the neuronal activity level of the region involvedin arousal regulation and/or another brain region.
 3. The method ofclaim 2, wherein said controlling occurs prior to said stimulating ifthe detected neuronal activity level is within an optimal range for aneuronal activity parameter associated with the arousal level, andwherein the neuronal activity parameter is independent of the measuredrate of information.
 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising:repetitively stimulating the patient's brain to adjust the rate ofinformation passing from the BCI device and to adjust a particularneuronal activity level parameter, wherein said measuring comprisescollecting data from one or more sensors attached to the patient'sbrain.
 5. The method of claim 1, where the selected patient hassubstantially absent motor pathways, a motor pathway impairment, motorcontrol impairment, a lack of viligance arousal maintenance, a braininjury due to a stroke or a trauma, encephalitis, a subarachnoidhemorrhage, a brain stem hemorrhage, a brain stem infection, a basilarartery thrombosis, a thrombosis cardiac arrest, a hypoxia, nutritionaldeficiencies, a degenerative illness, neoplastic diseases, infectiousdiseases, or complications thereof.
 6. The method of claim 1, whereinsaid measuring comprises decoding, at the BCI device, an electricalsignal corresponding to the received neuronal activity, wherein thedecoded signal corresponds to a neuronal firing rate threshold level andwherein said stimulating is carried out when a minimum bit rate obtainedfrom the neuronal firing rate threshold level is not exceeded.
 7. Themethod of claim 6, wherein the decoded signal is a waveform pattern andwherein the rate of information passing through the BCI device isadjusted based upon a minimum information rate obtained from the decodedwaveform pattern.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the waveform patternis stored in a memory device coupled to the BCI.
 9. The method of claim1 further comprising: outputting the received neuronal activity to anoutput device.
 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising: encodingthe received neuronal activity onto a binary data stream representationof the received neuronal activity, wherein the established communicationchannel transmits the binary data stream, and wherein said encodingcomprises denoting a binary ‘1’ level for a presence of the neuronalactivity and a binary ‘0’ level for an absence of the neuronal activity.11. The method of claim 1, wherein said stimulating is carried out withat least one of an electrical, a fiber optic, or a bionic neuronstimulation system.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein said measuringcomprises receiving, at the BCI device, a continuous time voltagerepresentation generated as an output of an electroencephalogram (EEG)in response to the received neuronal activity, and wherein the EEG isplaced on or inside the patient's skull and is electrically coupled tothe BCI.
 13. The method of claim 1 further comprising: performing aspectral analysis of the received neuronal activity for identifying oneor more frequencies associated with the received neuronal activity,wherein said stimulating is modified based upon the identified one ormore frequencies.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein said measuring andsaid stimulating are performed in substantially real-time.
 15. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the received neuronal activity is associatedwith an arousal level of a deep brain neuronal population.
 16. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said stimulating comprises adjusting astimulation intensity level of a response stimulus signal sent to theregion of the patient's brain involved in arousal regulation to matchthe patient's optimal information rate and stimulation intensity. 17.The method of claim 1, wherein said stimulating is carried out with adeep brain stimulator device coupled to the BCI.
 18. The method of claim1 further comprising: controlling an implanted internal device basedupon the received neuronal activity, wherein the implanted device isconnected to the BCI.
 19. The method of claim 1 further comprising:monitoring performance and state of the BCI by collecting neuronal dataassociated with the received neuronal activity in the form of at leastone of a single-unit neuron activity, local field potentials, orelectrocortiocogram activity and extracting signal features from thereceived neuronal activity to form a feature vector suitable forcomputer analysis.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein said stimulatingcomprises: activating at least one of the central thalamus, striatum,basal forebrain, and/or brainstem cortical or sub-cortical structures inthe patient's brain.
 21. A computer readable medium having storedthereon instructions for controlling a Brain Computer Interface (BCI)device implanted in a selected patient's brain comprising machineexecutable code which when executed by at least one processor, causesthe processor to perform steps comprising: detecting, at a BrainComputer Interface (BCI) device attached to the selected patient'sbrain, neuronal activity received from one or more electrodes andestablishing a communication channel between the patient and an externaldevice controlled by the patient; measuring a rate of informationpassing through the communication channel from the BCI device; andstimulating a region of the patient's brain involved in arousalregulation, in response to said measuring, under conditions effective toadjust the rate of information passing from the BCI device through thecommunication channel.
 22. The computer readable medium of claim 21,wherein the processor controls an external device based upon theadjusted rate of information with said stimulating modulating neuronalactivity of the region involved in arousal regulation, and wherein theexternal device is electronically interfaced to the BCI and optionallyconnected to the patient.
 23. The computer readable medium of claim 22,wherein the processor controls the external device if the detectedneuronal activity level is within an optimal range for a neuronalactivity parameter associated with the arousal level, and wherein theneuronal activity parameter is independent of the measured rate ofinformation.
 24. The computer readable medium of claim 21, wherein saidprocessor is caused to repetitively perform said stimulating to adjustthe measured rate of information from the BCI device and to adjust aparticular neuronal activity level parameter, wherein said measuringcomprises collecting data from one or more sensors attached to thepatient's brain.
 25. The computer readable medium of claim 21, whereinsaid detecting comprises decoding, by the processor, an electricalsignal corresponding to the detected neuronal activity level, whereinthe decoded signal corresponds to a neuronal firing rate threshold leveland wherein said stimulating is carried out when a minimum bit rateobtained from the neuronal firing rate threshold level is not exceeded.26. The computer readable medium of claim 25, wherein the processor iscaused to adjust the rate of information based upon a rate ofinformation minimum for a decoded waveform pattern corresponding to thedecoded signal.
 27. The computer readable medium of claim 21, whereinthe processor is caused to output the detected neuronal activity to anoutput device.
 28. The computer readable medium of claim 27, wherein theprocessor is caused to encode, via a codec embedded in the processor,the detected neuronal activity onto a binary data stream representationof the detected neuronal activity, wherein said communicating comprisestransmitting the binary data stream over the communication channel, andwherein the encoding comprises denoting a binary ‘1’ level for apresence of the neuronal activity and a binary ‘0’ level for an absenceof the neuronal activity.
 29. The computer readable medium of claim 27,wherein the processor is caused to carry out said stimulating with atleast one of an electrical, a fiber optic, or a bionic neuronstimulation system interfaced with the computer readable medium.
 30. Thecomputer readable medium of claim 21, wherein the processor is caused toreceive a continuous time voltage representation signal from the BCIgenerated as an output of an electroencephalogram (EEG) in response tothe detected neuronal activity, wherein the EEG is placed on or insidethe patient's skull and is electrically coupled to the BCI and whereinthe processor is caused to perform a spectral analysis of the detectedneuronal activity for identifying one or more frequencies associatedwith the detected neuronal activity, and wherein said stimulating ismodified based upon the identified one or more frequencies.
 31. Thecomputer readable medium of claim 21, wherein the processor is caused tocarry out said detecting, said measuring, and said stimulating insubstantially real-time.
 32. The computer readable medium of claim 21,wherein said stimulating is carried out by the processor by adjusting astimulation intensity level corresponding to the adjusted informationrate of the BCI device.
 33. The computer readable medium of claim 21,wherein said processor communicates with an implanted deep brainstimulator device coupled to the BCI to regulate the arousal level ofthe patient and to provide feedback for controlling the brain stimulatordevice.
 34. The computer readable medium of claim 21, wherein saidprocessor controls an external device based upon the detected neuronalactivity, wherein the external device is connected to the BCI.
 35. Thecomputer readable medium of claim 21, wherein said processor monitorsperformance and state of the BCI by collecting neuronal data associatedwith the detected neuronal activity in the form of at least one of asingle-unit neuron activity, local field potentials, orelectrocortiocogram activity and extracts signal features from thedetected neuronal activity to form a feature vector suitable forcomputer analysis.
 36. The computer readable medium of claim 21, whereinsaid processor is caused to carry out said stimulating by activating atleast one of the central thalamus, striatum, basal forebrain, and/orbrainstem cortical or sub-cortical structures in the patient's brain forregulating the arousal level.
 37. A Brain Computer Interface (BCI)system comprising: one or more sensors configured to detect neuronalactivity of one or more cortical or subcortical neuronal populationsinvolved in arousal regulation of a selected patient's brain; a statemonitoring module coupled to the one or more sensors, configured tostore and process a first set of variables associated with a state ofthe detected neuronal activity; a performance monitoring module coupledto the one or more sensors, configured to store and process a second setof variables associated with an information rate of the detectedneuronal activity, and configured to output the information to an outputdevice via a communication channel; and a processing module coupled tothe state monitoring module and the performance monitoring module,configured to extract a feature vector based upon the processed firstand second set of variables, and configured to stimulate, in response tothe detected neuronal activity, a region of the patient's brain involvedin arousal regulation under conditions effective to adjust theinformation from the BCI device through the communication channel. 38.The BCI system of claim 37, wherein the one or more sensors are coupledto at least one of an implantable pulse generator via a pair ofelectrodes, a fiber-optogenic (FOG) system, and a Bionic transmitter.39. The BCI system of claim 38, wherein the FOG system comprises fiberoptic cables controlled by the FOG system.
 40. The BCI system of claim38, wherein the Bionic transmitter communicates with bionic neuronsimplanted in cortical or subcortical neuronal populations over a radiofrequency channel to provide neuronal activity signals to the one ormore sensors.
 41. The BCI system of claim 37, wherein the one or moresensors are remote sensors.
 42. The BCI system of claim 37 furthercomprising: a filter coupled to the one or more sensors, the statemonitoring module, and the performance monitoring module, configured toeliminate background noise from the detected neuronal activity.
 43. TheBCI system of claim 42, wherein the filter is at least one of a low-passfilter, a band-pass filter, and/or a notch filter.
 44. The BCI system ofclaim 37 further comprising: a display system coupled to a communicationinterface and configured to display at least one of a time-seriesrepresentation of the detected neuronal activity obtained directly fromthe one or more sensors, a spectral analysis of the detected neuronalactivity, and/or a matched waveform unique to the patient correspondingto the detected neuronal activity.
 45. The BCI system of claim 37,wherein the first set of variables comprise at least one of backgroundsignal data, low-pass filter output data, sensor activity data, and/or afiring rate of one or more neurons in one or more cortical orsubcortical neuronal populations of the patient's brain.
 46. The BCIsystem of claim 37, wherein the second set of variables comprise anintensity level corresponding to the information rate of the detectedneuronal activity.
 47. The BCI system of claim 37, wherein theprocessing module is configured to control an external device based uponthe detected neuronal activity.
 48. The BCI system of claim 37, whereinthe detected neuronal activity is generated by a thought process of theselected patient.
 49. The BCI system of claim 37 further comprising: acortical recording memory device configured to sample neuronal activitycorresponding to at least one of single-unit activity, local fieldpotentials, and electrocorticogram/electroencephalogram activity and adecoder for decoding the detected neuronal activity received over acommunication channel interface within the BCI.